Early Smelting Practice. Virtually all the ore used by the ancients was handpicked with only the most worthwhile material being taken. Originally it was probably smelted by the Sumerians in shallow pits using charcoal as the fuel. How they first derived the necessary draught to raise the temperature sufficiently to melt the ore is still a ...
The nickel content in such sulRde ores is generally low (0.2}3%) and varies from place to place in the same deposit. The low nickel content of the present-day nickel sulRde ores renders them unsuitable for either direct smelting or hydrometal-lurgical extraction, thus requiring beneRciation. The usual method of nickel extraction from sulRde
and converter slag which contain 0.5-2% Cu and 2-8% Cu, respectively. The following three methods are generally utilized for recovering the copper from these slags on an industrial scale: (i) recycling of the converter slag to the smelting furnace, (ii) cleaning of smelting and/or converter slags in electric furnaces and (iii) flotation.
12.3 Primary Copper Smelting 12.3.1 General1 Copper ore is produced in 13 states. In 1989, Arizona produced 60 percent of the total U. S. ore. Fourteen domestic mines accounted for more than 95 percent of the 1.45 megagrams (Mg) (1.6 millon tons) of ore produced in 1991. Copper is produced in the U. S. primarily by pyrometallurgical smelting ...
Copper slag is a by-product created during the copper smelting and refining process. As refineries draw metal out of copper ore, they produce a large volume of non-metallic dust, soot, and rock. Collectively, these materials make up slag, which can be used for a surprising number of applications in the building and industrial fields.
Copper-nickel-sulphide ores mined in the Rustenburg district of South Africa are generally smelted in electric furnaces because of the high-temperature slag …
Ores, slag and ash Notes. 1.- This Chapter does not cover : ... Copper, nickel or cobalt mattes produced by any process of smelting (Section XV). 2.- For the purposes of headings 26.01 to 26.17, the term "ores" means minerals of mineralogical species
Copper-nickel-sulphide ores mined in the Rustenburg district of South Africa are generally smelted in electric furnaces because of the high-temperature slag produced, the availability of chea~ electric power, and the smaller pollution problems. Apart from melting, the functions of the electric furnace are to recover most of the matte
In nature, iron, copper, lead, nickel and other metals are found in impure states called ores, often oxidized and mixed in with silicates of other metals. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed.
A heavy amount of slag (2.2 tons per ton of copper) is generated during the pyro or hydrometallurgical copper production which generally contains significant amounts of some valuable metals such as copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron [1,2].In the last few decades, there has been growing interest in hydrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals from smelter slags [].
Copper and nickel slags are produced by: 1. roasting, in which sulfur in the ore is eliminated as sulfur dioxide (SO2); 2. smelting, in which the roasted product is melted in a siliceous flux and the metal is reduced; and 3. converting, where the melt is desulfurized with lime flux, iron ore, or a basic slag …
Process for recovering nickel and nickel-copper from molten smelter-type slags or other highly oxidized sources of nickel and nickel-copper containing 7 to 30 percent by weight of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The magnetite in the slag is reduced with carbonaceous materials or other solid reductants such as sulfides, metals or carbides. While the slag is mixed with a fluid cooled, metal-bladed ...
smelting furnaces, and iron-nickel slag produced in the smelting of nickel-bearing ores. In this process, the molten slag is fed to an electric-arc furnace wherein a molten metal bath is formed. The difference with other processes is given
Dec 06, 2014· P. B. Bryk et al., "Method of Producing Iron-Poor Nickel Sulphide Matte from Sulphidic Nickel Concentrates in Suspension Smelting Thereof," United States Patent No. 3,754,891. 4 P. R. and J. J. Kim, "Pyrometallurgical Process for Smelting Nickel and Nickel-Copper Concentrates Including Slag Treatment," United States Patent No ...
Lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag are formed during pyrometallurgical treatment of the sulfide ores. This process is similar to the production of copper and nickel …
Apr 13, 2021· A study of copper slag smelting indicates that there is value in characterizing copper slag with view of recovery of viable metals, especially iron. Analysis from the results showed that nickel, iron and copper existed in high amounts in the slag with these elements found in the fayalite and chromite phases.
Copper smelting, residual metal recovery, stockpile elimination, by-product recovery. 1. Introduction . Ferrous and non ferrous slags have been the subject of research for some time seeking uses in a wide spectrum of possible applications [1]. Most of the copper produced in the world (80% 90%)- is coming from sulphide ores that require oxidation
The loss of nickel is minimized by minimizing slag mass. Laterite smelting is done in electrically heated furnaces with suspended carbon electrodes. ... oxidic nickel ores. Data for nickel sulfide ...
S.K. Haldar, in Platinum-Nickel-Chromium Deposits, 2017 11.5.3.2 Smelting. Smelting is necessary to maximize the separation of the gangue (oxide and silicate) minerals from the sulfide minerals associated with the noble metals. Flotation concentrates undergo smelting and converting in a furnace at a temperature exceeding 1300°C to produce a silicate melt (slag) and an immiscible sulfide melt ...
Some nickel smelting processes will create slag, while others will be cleaner. The first part of nickel smelting is getting the ores. Lateritic ores are found in tropical climates, where the nickel is deposited below the surface of the ore by weathering. This ore has a high moisture content and contains other metals, such as iron.
Copper can be extracted from its ore by: Underground: sinking a vertical shaft into the Earth to an appropriate depth and driving horizontal tunnels into the ore. Open pit: 90% of ore is mined by this method. Ores near the surface can be quarried after removal of the surface layers.
Matte, crude mixture of molten sulfides formed as an intermediate product of the smelting of sulfide ores of metals, especially copper, nickel, and lead.Instead of being smelted directly to metal, copper ores are usually smelted to matte, preferably containing 40–45 percent copper along with iron and sulfur, which is then treated by converting in a Bessemer-type converter.
nickel sulfide ores often contain other metals such as copper and precious metals, and con-sideration should be given to further process-ing for their recovery. Slag can be used as construction material after nickel recovery, as appropriate (e.g., re turn of converter slag …
Jun 18, 2020· Low‒nickel matte as the main intermediate product of nickel sulfide ore in traditional pyrometallurgical smelting, during this process, the valuable …
Nickel Slag Treatment Process Flow Diagramore. · Nickel slag treatment process flow diagram. Nickel slag is smelting nickel and iron produced solid waste residue nickel and iron is mainly used for stainless steel production so the nickel slag is also known as stainless steel slag or nickel iron slag.
the direct smelting of copper ore has been considered. The compo-sition assumed for the copper ore was chalcocite (2.5%), pyrite ... ent in many Australian nickel ores would result in high slag.
final liquidation in 2017 [3], and its slag was formed from smelting dry feed of copper/nickel bearing concentrate in the Outokumpu flash - smelting furnace. This produced a low grade matte and a high grade slag [4]. The matte was upgraded by being fed into three Pierce – Smith converters while the high-grade slag was treated in the ...
The nickel and copper streams are further purified in preparation for electro-winning to produce anodes of pure nickel and copper. The resulting slag from the smelting process is further processed to recover base metals and the PGMs. Slag composition can also be used to monitor the health of the kilns in determining tear-down time to prevent ...
Jan 13, 2021· Slag formed in the smelting and converting reactions flows to the slag well. Slag cleaning occurs as a result of contact with lower grade matte in passing through zone 1, by the roast reaction of copper sulfide and copper oxides by the reduction of copper oxide by sulfur and ferrous sulfide, and by the reduction of magnetite.